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Monthly Archives: January 2022

Estimating genetic IQ in deprived populations

28 Friday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in ethnicity, Uncategorized

≈ 61 Comments

By the end of the 20th century, Whites, Indians, Coloureds and Blacks in South Africa averaged IQs of 98, 92, 82, and 69 (UK norms). Although all four “races” were in school when tested and used to paper-pencil tests, and although the test used (Standard Progressive Matrices) was culture reduced, there were enormous difference in the quality of environment the four races were exposed to including the biological environment which affects brain growth. I tried to correct for this by comparing the different rates of stunting (low height), but as commenter “some guy” noted, this measure is too confounded with genetic height to be a good proxy for environment.

Perhaps a better proxy is Human Development Index (HDI) which combines income, education, and life span. While life span is confounded with genetics to some degree, being reared in a poor uneducated home is a clear environmental effect.

In 1991, South Africa’s Whites, Indians, Coloureds, and Blacks had HDIs of 0.901, 0.836, 0.663, and 0.50 respectively (see table III).

source

To put these numbers in perspective, I wanted to know the HDI of black Americans because black Americans have continued to score 15 points below white Americans for roughly a century, and it doesn’t seem to matter whether they’re reared by their biological parents or adopted into White professional homes. Thus black American HDI is perhaps a ceiling beyond which environment much affects IQ.

An article in The Atlantic (October 14, 2014) by Theodore R. Johnson reported their HDI but I don’t think a 2014 figure is comparable with the 1991 figure for South Africa’s races, both because living standards have changed over time and so has the method of calculating HDI. But assuming the relative ranking of black America has been similar over time (slightly above Saudi Arabia and slightly below Qatar) then in 1991 they had an HDI of about 0.705 (Saudi Arabia) to 0.745 (Qatar) or roughly 0.725.

Black Americans (1991 HDI 0.725) score 15 points lower than white Americans, but 16 points higher than South African blacks (1991 HDI 0.5). The former gap is arguably 100% genetic judging by the results of the Minnesota transracial adoption study suggesting HDI has no effect on IQ once you hit at least 0.725. The latter gap is probably 31% genetic, because Black Americans are only 75% Black. Adjusting for this reduces the latter gap to 11 points suggesting that for people with HDIs below 0.725, subtracting the HDI from 0.725 and then multiply by 48.9 gives an estimate of how much Raven IQ (taken by people in school) has been supressed by environment.

So the IQs of South African Whites and Indians (98 and 92 respectively) are probably not supressed because their 1991 HDIs were above 0.725 but Coloureds were 0.062 below this threshold, so multiplying by 48.9 suggests their IQs were supressed by 3 points. This would raise them from 82 to 85, the same as African Americans.

Native Americans

According to one study, “by 2001, the American Indian and Alaska Native population and the Canadian Indigenous population had…HDI scores comparable to South Korea or the Czech Republic and Belarus or Trinidad and Tobago, respectively.” In 1991 Czech Republic had an HDI score of 0.733 and Trinidad and Tobago, 0.67. Averaging just those two (couldn’t find 1991 data on the other countries) suggests American Indians and Arctic people had a 1991 HDI of 0.702.  This suggests their Raven IQs are supressed by 1 point. This is consistent with a study that found that several years of foster care in white homes did not at all improve the IQ of these.

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The pseudoscience of stunting & wasting

27 Thursday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in ethnicity, heritability, Uncategorized

≈ 22 Comments

Stunting is defined as being at least 2 standard deviations (SD) below the average of the reference group for your height, sex and age. Wasting is defined as being at least 2 SD below average weight for your height and sex. The reference group is an international sample of socio-economically advantaged breast fed children.

Commenter “Someguy” pointed out that using stunting rates to measure how malnourished a certain ethnic group was is faulty because some groups might be genetically shorter than others. I agree but was unsure if this genetic difference would show up in young children. After all, the World Health Organization (WHO) claims children of all ethnic groups grow similarly when breast fed and born and raised healthy, at least up to age five, and so a single reference group can be applied internationally.

Further, Arthur Jensen stated that (in his population) height has a heritability of 0.95 in early adulthood, but only 0.30 in infancy. With genes having only moderate effects in the first years of life, this made it seem quite plausible that all races (with the exception of pygmies) could use the same growth chart to measure nutritional status.

However even comparing different races in First World countries show large differences in early childhood height. For example averaging across ages zero, 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 years, Dutch boys (see table 1) are 1.02 SD taller than Japanese boys (Japanese SD used since the Dutch one not provided).

To be sure this is much smaller than the 1.93 SD height gap that shows up at age 17.5, consistent with the square root of height heritability being almost twice as high in early adulthood compared to infancy.

It is sometimes said that in most ethnic groups, well nourished kids are within half an SD of the WHO growth chart so close enough, but if one population is half an SD above and another half an SD below, that’s a 1 SD difference!

And because small differences in the mean create huge differences at the extremes, a 1 SD gap means the shorter group will show about 7% of their population stunting while the taller group will show only 0.6% despite the fact that both groups have equal nutrition! That’s a little too much error for comfort.

If the World Health Organization is serious about measuring malnutrition, they should invest in getting us better polygenic scores for height. Only then could they say with accuracy that a given population is below their genetic height potential, and thus malnourished.

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Dr. Phil was right

26 Wednesday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in Uncategorized

≈ 23 Comments

Back in April 2020, Dr. Phil went on Fox News and warned about the dangers of the lockdown. After that appearance he was blasted by liberals for minimizing the dangers of the virus and much of the criticism spilled over against Oprah for making Dr. Phil famous in the first place.

Ever since she helped elect Obama circa 2008, Oprah has been far more popular with liberals than with conservatives, but there is a small but vocal minority of liberals that hate Oprah. For if a dark skinned black woman from the lowest social class, can rise up to become one of the richest, most influential, most powerful, and beloved people on Earth, then what excuse do they have?

Some of these liberal keep their Oprah hatred to themselves for fear of looking racist, but whenever Dr. Phil does something wrong, the leap at the chance to bash him but then shift to bashing Oprah for giving us him.

They are attacking Oprah, but because they are attacking Oprah for giving us a white man, they are being the opposite of racist and sexist.

Because without Oprah, a Southern working class overweight bald ageing straight man from the backwoods of Texas would never have been given a talk show.

You would think with such stereotypically redneck demographics, Dr. Phil would be racist, but you’d be wrong. Dr. Phil’s freakishly large brain gave him the intelligence and compassion to condemn those who were bullying Arabs and Muslims after 9/11.

And now Dr. Phil has proven right about the lockdown. We can’t keep shutting down the entire economy every time there’s an increase in covid cases. Because unless we’re willing to get the United Nations to convince every army on the planet to triple vax every living human, the virus is just going to keep spreading and keep mutating.

It’s time to open up the economy. Invest in more hospitals, treatments and better pay for nurses and doctors. Let private businesses decide for themselves whether their customers and employees need to be vaxed. And let nature (and the free market) take its course.

mm

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The genetic IQ of the Arab World

25 Tuesday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in Uncategorized

≈ 24 Comments

By 2010, the average IQ of Saudi Arabia on the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices was 84 (UK norms) however as of 2004, the stunting rate in the Arab world was 9.3%. Using a technique I described in my last post, this suggests Arab IQ is stunted by 4 points and that their genetic IQ is 88.

This seems quite low for the people who first invented agriculture and then invented civilization and then produced the most influential man of all time, the prophet Mohammed. However we must believe that generations of cousin marriage harmed their gene pool because of inbreeding depression which attacks all Darwinian fitness traits, from brain size to height. Mixing with sub-Saharan slaves likely also had an effect.

One sign that Arab IQ has declined is the degree to which they are dominated by Jews, despite their much greater population and natural resources. The 9/11 attacks only played into Zionist hands, by dragging the U.S. into Middle east wars.

My favorite thing about the Arab World is shawarmas (yum!), I just wish you could get one with cheese and mayonnaise added to it 🙂

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Adjusting South African IQs for malnutrition

25 Tuesday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in ethnicity, Uncategorized

≈ 30 Comments

Tags

brain size, nutrition, race, South Africa

By the end of the 20th century, Whites, Indians, Coloureds and Blacks in South Africa averaged IQs of 98, 92, 82, and 69 (UK norms) and malnutrition rates of 5.7, 10.9*, 18, and 32 percent respectively (see table 2.13 below):

From The Global Bell Curve (2008) by Richard Lynn

Malnutrition is defined here as the percentage of the population that is stunted. Stunted is defined as two or more standard deviations (SDs) shorter than comparable healthy populations. In theory only 2% of the healthy reference population should be stunted.

But nutrition is not a discrete variable. In theory there’s a perfect continuum between optimum and suboptimum processing of nutrients and each population has their own bell curve.

So if 32% of South African blacks have sub-optimum nutrition compared to only 2% of well nourished populations, then that tells us that the 32nd percentile (-0.47 SD) on the former’s bell curve equates to the 2nd percentile (- 2 SD) on the latter’s. Assuming roughly equal standard deviations, it suggests South Africa’s black bell curve is shifted 1.53 SD to the left of what was considered optimum at the time.

So the stunted children are just the tip of the iceberg. The average black child in South Africa should be 1.53 SD below his genetic potential in physical growth. What about brain size? Also 1.53 SD below genetic potential? Given the 0.4 correlation between IQ and brain size, this would predict IQ would be 0.4 (1.53 SD) = 0.61 SD below genetic potential. Multiplying by the IQ standard deviation of 15 points, this gives 9 points of impairment caused by malnutrition. Adding this to the IQ 69 of black South Africans gives IQ 78.

I applied the same calculations to all the major groups of South Africa:

It is interesting to compare the estimated black genetic IQ of 78 to the average IQ of 85 for African Americans, a presumably well nourished population judging from the fact that they are virtually indistinguishable from white Americans in height. But genetically African Americans are only 75% sub-Saharan, so adjusting for this, they go from 15 points below IQ 100, to 15/0.75 = 20 points below 100 = IQ 80. In other words, virtually all of the difference between unmixed American and South African blacks vanishes when we adjust for presumably stunted brain size.

Similarly, the IQs of Indians and whites rise to their corresponding levels when reared in the UK (a well nourished country).

*The malnutrition of Indians were estimated from the line of best fit predicting poverty rates in table 2.13 to malnutrition rates in table to 2.13: Malnutrition = 0.65(poverty) – 2.79.

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South Africa’s White > Indian > Coloured > Black IQ gap

24 Monday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in Uncategorized

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

South Africa

[Update Jan 24, 2022: An earlier version of this article incorrectly concluded the students were 13, but with a new chart added to the article, I now conclude they were 14 and adjusted the IQs accordingly]

In their book, The intelligence of Nations, Richard Lynn and David Becker write:

Owen (1992, Table 1) compared intelligence of Coloureds,
Indians, Blacks and Whites from South Africa. The four reported
samples had mean ages of 15.00y and the administered test was the
SPM. Coloureds scored 36.69, which is at the 15.64th GBR-P and
equivalent to an uncor. IQ of 84.86, Indians scored 41.99, which is
at the 30.50th GBR-P and equivalent to an uncor. IQ of 92.35,
Blacks scored 27.65, which is at the 3.96th GBR-P and equivalent
to an uncor. IQ of 73.67, and Whites scored 45.27, which is at the
43.75th GBR-P and equivalent to an uncor. IQ of 97.64. 2.73 had to
be deducted from all four samples for FE-correction, resulted in
cor. IQs of 82.13, 89.62, 70.94 and 94.91.

Here’s the data from the actual study:

Owen, K. (1992). The suitability of Raven’s standard progressive matrices for various groups in South Africa. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(2), 149–159.

For starters, the study never says the students were 15, but maybe they are inferring it from the fact that they are described as Standard 7 pupils.

The same paper was cited by Wicherts et al. (2010) but they listed them as being 16 and mysteriously believe they were tested in 1986 (6 years before publication) giving them a Flynn adjusted IQ of 68.

Wicherts, J. M., Dolan, C. V., Carlson, J. S., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2010). Raven’s test performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average performance, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(3), 135-151.

Reporting on the same study, Rushton and Jensen believe the students were only 12 to 14, writing:

In South Africa, Owen (1992) found that 1,093 African 12-to 14-year-old high school students solved 28 out of 60 problems on the Standard Progressive Matrices, which is around the 10th percentile, or an IQ equivalent of about 80 (Raven, Raven, & Court, 1998, p. 77).

Rushton should know since he grew up in South Africa, and when I asked two other South Africans, one said 12 to 13, and the other said 13 to 14.

However I found a good source which equates to standard 7 to age 14:

Source

Given the South African Whites, Indians, Coloreds, and Blacks scored about 45, 42, 37 and 28 respectively, these equate to the 45th, 29th, 12th and 2nd percentile of age 14 1979 UK norms (Raven 2000; page 39 to 40), equating to IQs of 98, 92, 82, and 69 respectively.

As we can see from the last row in table 3 below, at age 13.5 to 14.5, the median score in 2008 (50th percentile) is equal to the median percentile in 1979 so no Flynn effect adjustment at this age for post-1979 scores.

Lynn, R. (2009). Fluid intelligence but not vocabulary has increased in Britain, 1979-2008. Intelligence, 37(3), 249–255. 

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Diet & the aging process

21 Friday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in Uncategorized

≈ 56 Comments

David Sinclair seems like a really credible source on slowing down the ageing process because (a) he’s a Harvard professor and Harvard has their pick of the litter, and (b) he looks incredibly young for a 52-year-old. Of course some of his youthful appearance might just be genetics since high IQ people tend to be very skinny and neotenous.

Image found here

One of the reason I like him is he believes in eating only one meal a day which I love because I’d much rather have a big meal while I’m binging on netflix on the couch then have a dozen small snacks that I can’t enjoy because I need to be back at work 10 minutes later. He’s also a huge fan of fasting which I love because it allows you to compensate for overindulging on the weekend which I need to do. He also hates exercise just like me.

He also drinks diet coke! My dad’s always sending me emails about the hazards of diet soda, but I love diet coke because it gets me through my fasting days. I can’t drive a car for any length of time without getting my diet coke fix from the McDonald’s drive through (the best diet coke on Earth, so refreshing with all the ice) but sadly I have to bring my own straw now because they’ve got environmentally friendly with the paper straws.

He also believes plants are healthier than meat. This is reminiscent of Rushton’s r/K theory in that meat build muscles and energy which helps you attract women and leave lots of offspring (r strategy) but plant allows you to live a long life. That’s fine too because I’m loving me Harvey’s veggie burgers and Burger King’s plant based whopper, and I’ve even taken to plant based omelets that you just put in the toaster. This was my breakfast several weeks ago:

Below is a clip from an interview with David Sinclair:

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Revisiting Jewish brain size

13 Thursday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in Uncategorized

≈ 93 Comments

Ashkenazi professor’s cranium holds its own compared to those of far more robust monster men in the Upper Paleolithic

The below passage is from the 1911 book The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment
By Maurice Fishberg (hat-tip to blogger n/a):

One of the methods of determining the volume of the brain case, and approximately the weight of the brain, is the determination of the cranial capacity. Very few direct measurements of this kind have been taken, because only few Jewish skulls have found their way into anthropological museums, where they could be studied carefully. But from the few studies of this character that have been made, it appears that the Jews are somewhat at a disadvantage. Lombroso’s studies of the Jews in Turin, Italy, which were made in an indirect fashion, showed that the Jews have a smaller cranial capacity than the Catholics of that city.2 Weinberg collected measurements of seventeen Jewish skulls in various museums of Europe, which were made properly, and are not approximations. The average cranial capacity was 1421 c.cm., which is about thirty to forty c.cm. below the average cranial capacity of the population of Europe. Of course the small number of skulls thus measured is not sufficient to draw positive conclusions.

But the average cranial capacity is nowhere near 40 cc (cubic centimeters) above 1421 (1461 cc) in Europe, and certainly wasn’t in 1911. For example based on Beals, Smith, and Dodd’s (1984), collation of 20,000 skull size measures, Lynn (2006) reported the following crania data for Europeans and other peoples:

beals
Lynn, 2006

One reason for the huge discrepancy might be the method used. For example most of Beals, Smith and Dodd’s data Lynn says he used was obtained by mechanical packing with mustard seed. However they note that historically, the main method was filling the cranium with shot, but this method became obsolete because it yielded results that were 6% too high.

Given that Fishberg’s book was written in 1911, he likely is reporting on shot values which thus need to be reduced by 6%. Doing so reduces the Jewish value to 1341 cc which is indeed below the European mean.

But keep in mind that Ashkenazi Jews are descended from a hybrid population that was about 40% Middle Eastern and 60% mostly European (Atzmon et al, 2010). Given 1369 cc for Europeans and 1293 cc for South Asians & North Africans (SANA), the ancestral population likely averaged (0.6)1293 + (0.4)1369 = 1324 cc so there’s been an increase of perhaps 17 cc.

What was the average IQ of the ancestral population? Richard Lynn put Europeans at 99 and SANAs at 84, but he also put sub-Saharan Africans at an absurdly low 67 but noted that living in the Third World depressed their IQs by 13 points. Most SANA don’t quite live in the Third World, so lets say their IQs are depressed by half that, and raise them to 92 (note: no such adjustment is made for brain size because that data mostly comes from before 1940 when even the First World was malnourished).

Expected IQ of ancestral population: 0.6(92) + 0.4(99) = 55.2 + 36.8 = 95

On a scale where British, American & Australian whites average IQ 100 (SD = 15), today’s Ashkenazi Jews average 110. In other words, their IQ seems to have increased by about 1 standard deviation in the last 700 years, probably because of intense natural selection to earn a living in high IQ occupations (Cochran, Hardy & Harpending, 2006).

Assuming a 0.4 correlation between IQ and brain size (Gignac & Bates, 2017), selection for a 1 SD increase in intelligence should cause about (0.4)(1 SD) = 0.4 SD increase in IQ. Given the within sex standard deviation for cranial capacity is about 91 cc, we should expect the brain size of Ashkenazi Jews to have increased by 0.4(91 cc) = 36 cc

So the actual brain size increase has been about half as much as the actual increase but given these are all very rough numbers, we shouldn’t expect perfect agreement.

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When did triple digit IQ populations first appear?

11 Tuesday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in Uncategorized

≈ 109 Comments

The first fully modern human skull appears in sub-Saharan Africa about 195,000 years go. It probably belonged to a population with an average IQ around 80. But it was surrounded by archaic humans with IQs in the 70s or less.

It wasn’t until about 70,000 years ago that the second fully modern human skull appears in the fossil record. It seems fully moderns (IQ 80+) were incredibly rare for our first 125,000 years.

About 70,000 years ago, modern humans began a massive exodus out of Africa. Richard Klein believes a sudden increase in intellect allowed this exodus. I believe this exodus is what caused the sudden increase in intellect, because by leaving the tropics, we had to be smart enough to survive the cold, something we hadn’t done in over 25 million years.

By 40,000 years ago, the first humans had reached the arctic and around the same time, real art first appears in the archeological record. The first populations with a mean IQ in the triple digits had appeared:

Art from 39,000 years ago

Some would stay in Europe and become the Whites. Others would freeze further and become 103 IQ Northeast Asians.

Some would cross over to the New World where they became the Native Americans. This tiny group found two whole fertile continents all to themselves that was teaming with Megafauna that had never before been hunted. These huge beasts were so easy to catch that folks didn’t need their triple digit IQs to survive and since the brain is so metabolically expensive, they began to regress to an IQ of 86. A rare evolutionary reversal.

There’s been virtually no further change in human IQ in the last 10,000 years with the exception of Ashkenazi Jews (and perhaps some casts in India) who rapidly evolved to IQ 110 during the last few millennia.

It’s only a small exaggeration to say our species stopped evolving 40,000 years ago.

And yet look how much the World has changed since then. Because of the cultural leap that occurred 40,000 years ago, humans are the only species with an extended phenotype that constantly reinvents itself, even in the face of genotypic stagnation.

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World’s most influential woman throws her weight around: DO WHAT YOU’RE TOLD, BITCH!

07 Friday Jan 2022

Posted by pumpkinperson in Uncategorized

≈ 91 Comments

The Daily Mail reports:

Sen. Joe Manchin is taking heat from all sides as he resists eliminating the last stalwart against the Democratic agenda, the filibuster, including some of the biggest names in America. 

Manchin has told colleagues his phone has been lighting up with calls in recent days, including from former presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton.

But when both men failed to persuade the stubborn senator, the big Kahuna herself decided to pick up the phone and show the former Presidents how it’s done.

While Oprah is knowing for crying on TV and giving away free stuff to audience members, she did not become the World’s ONLY black billionaire (from 2004 to 2006) and the most influential woman alive, without knowing how to play hardball.

From deep within her $100 million Santa-Barbara mansion she likely yelled “get Joe Manchin on the phone”

When his assistant picked up, she was likely informed he was busy.

“It’s Oprah Winfrey,” she likely said.

“Right away, Mam!” the nervous assistant likely replied.

When Manchin raced to the phone she might have said:

“Fix the filibuster, BITCH! Otherwise you gona be known as dat white bitch!”

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