Based on the fact that they left behind no drawings, I now estimate Neanderthals, like Homo erectus, had an artistic IQ of about 26.  However in the documentary Apocalypse Neanderthal, a scientist mentions that it took him a year and a half to learn to make the stone tools Neanderthals made all the time.  Since scientists probably average about 125 IQ, that might suggest Neanderthals had a spatial IQ as high as 125!

Assuming about a 0.35 correlation between artistic IQ and technological IQ, we might very crudely estimate an overall IQ of 71 for Neanderthals.  I realize this is all very speculative, but scientist Steve Hsu arrived at a similar figure, stating:

It’s very likely these Neanderthals, although able to interbreed with humans, and probably capable of speech, will be on average considerably less intelligent than humans. If I had to guess I would suppose their average adult IQ to be about 70, or -2 SD relative to modern humans. You might wonder how they could have survived for 300k+ years with such modest intelligence, but based on my experiences with 5-10 year old kids I don’t think that a sub-adult level of maximum intelligence precludes the ability to form societies and function as hunter-gatherers. (Apes survive with even less cognitive ability.) I just don’t think that higher developments (e.g., invention of writing) are likely for such a population. What Homo Sapiens accomplished in 50-100k years far outstrips Neanderthal accomplishments over a much longer period of time.

Modern humans differ from each other at about 1 in 1000 places in the genome, whereas a Neanderthal and a human differ at a few per 1000 places. Some subset of these additional differences cause them to be broader, more powerfully muscled, and, most likely, less intelligent.

Hsu doesn’t explain why he estimates an IQ of 70, but notice how he cites the fact that genetically  Neanderthals were twice as different from modern humans as modern humans are from one another, so perhaps he’s simply doubling the IQ standard deviation of 15 to guess that Neanderthals were 30 points below IQ 100 (defined as average on IQ tests).

An average IQ of 70 appears to be the threshold for discovering agriculture, something Neanderthals failed to do even during the Eemian, when they had 15,000 years of warm climate to do so.  Anatomically modern humans also failed to make the leap to agriculture during those same 15,000 years, suggesting no modern human population had an average IQ above 70 before the upper Paleolithic, around the time scholar Richard G Klein believes a massive brain mutation occurred causing behavioral modernity.

What kind of genetic change might have occurred?  Hsu once mentioned that a high quality Neanderthal genome had a genetic variant associated with developmental delay and autism.  Perhaps prior to behavioral modernity, modern humans also had this variant in large numbers?

According to scholar Richard G. Klein, if you took someone from Africa 80,000 years ago and dressed them up in modern clothes and had them walk into a university lecture hall, the only thing we would notice is that the person was extraordinarily well built (see 10:50 in video below):

But behind the normal appearance would lurk an incredibly primitive mind.  For according to Klein, before about 50,000 years, the freak mutation causing behavioral modernity had not yet occurred, even though anatomical modernity evolved 200,000 years ago.

According to Klein all peoples today are behaviorally modern.  That means that if HBD is correct, and Bushmen and pygmies have genetic IQs no higher than 70, then the Africans before 50,000 years ago must have been lower still.

How much lower?

In my last post, I estimated that homo erectus, who lived from 1.9 million years ago to 70,000 years ago, had an average IQ of 29.  Meanwhile anatomically modern humans appeared 200,000 years ago.

According to geneticist Spencer Wells, from 1 million years ago, to 65,000 years, there was virtually no cultural or technological progress, so big brained anatomically modern humans were still behaving like IQ 29 Homo erectus for 135,000 years!

What were the IQs of these people?  They must have been much smarter than tiny brained Homo erectus (IQ 29) but not as high as today’s Bushmen and pygmies (genetic IQ at least 70) who have made the leap to behavioral modernity. Let’s split the difference and assume they had an IQ of 50.

So for 135,000 years, Africa was inhabited by IQ 50 people who looked just like modern big brained Africans, yet were behaving like tiny brained Erectus, making the same simple one million year-old stone tools over and over again like mindless zombies for 135,000 years, until finally a genetic mutation snapped them out of their trance, and made them behaviorally modern.

It must have been an incredibly terrifying time if we could see it, because everyone would have looked like fully modern black Africans, yet would have had the mind of animals.

I should be sleeping because I have a long day at work tomorrow and a huge weekend of drunken partying, but I am so excited about this post that I must write it right now.

I’ve posted about the IQ of Homo Erectus before, but in this post, I will refine my analysis in light of better understanding.

Technological IQ 55

Experiments suggest that it’s not until a child is seven that she has the mental capacity to create the kind of stone tools Homo erectus created. In other words, Homo erectus may have had the intelligence of a Western seven-year-old. On the WISC-R IQ test, an incipient adult (age 16.9) who performs like a seven-year-old on the spatial construction subtest scores lower than 99.5% of biologically normal members of his generation. In other words, an IQ of about 60.

But we should keep in mind that the research on seven-year-old tool making ability was published in 1979. Probably because of better nutrition/health,truly culture reduced spatial skill has been improved by about 0.2 points a year until 2006 (when U.S. nutrition gains seem to have ended). So Homo erectus probably had an IQ around 55 on the most recent culture reduced Western norms (U.S. white norms).

Draw a man IQ 6

In 1.9 million years, H erectus was too stupid to draw anything, let alone a man, so on the on the Draw a Man IQ test he would have scored a bit fat goose egg: zero.

What IQ does zero equate to?

On the Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Man test, the mean and standard deviation for U.S. 15-year-olds (considered adult level for the purpose of this test) is 46.3 and 9.1 respectively, so zero equates to an IQ of 24 (U.S. norms) or 19 (U.S. white norms).  But because these norms were published in 1963, and norms on this test became inflated at a rate of 3 IQ points per decade (Lynn, 2006) until at least 2006, we must reduce this IQ to 6 on modern white norms.

Correcting for culture bias, Draw-A-Man test suggests an IQ of 26

Because even the Draw-a-man test is culturally biased, we must do our best to adjust for the stone age environment H erectus lived in.  It’s well known that on typical IQ tests, dropping out of school causes IQ scores (though perhaps not real intelligence) to drop by 2 points per missed year, and research on adopted kids shows that each extra year of education in the rearing parent raises a child’s IQ score by 1.17 points.  Although such cultural biases fade by adulthood, as scholars Dickens and Flynn brilliantly noted, this is only true within generations.  Between generations these environmental effects are permanent.

So considering the average H erectus had about 13 years less schooling than today’s average white, this would artificially depress his IQ by 26 points.  Further, being raised by parents with 12 less years schooling than today’s average white would artificially depress his IQ by another 14 points. So these two cultural biases together should artificially depress his IQ by 40 points on a typical IQ test, but because the Draw-A-Man test is only about half as culturally biased as a typical IQ test, we’ll say it’s depressed by only 20 points.

You might ask, why, if the Draw-A-Man test is only half as culturally biased as a typical IQ test, does it show the full 3 point a decade Flynn effect.  The answer is because the Flynn effect is not entirely cultural, it’s also biological (nutrition) and Performance IQ tests like Draw-a-man are sensitive to nutrition (which H. erectus had plenty of).

So adding 20 IQ points to their IQ of 6, to compensate for the test’s cultural bias, raises them to IQ 26.

I realize such corrections are very simplistic, but it seems to give believable results.

Overall IQ

Assuming a technological IQ of 55 and an artistic IQ of 26, and assuming only a 0.35 correlation between the two, Homo erectus had an overall IQ of 29!

Brain size of Homo erectus

According to Wikipedia:

H. erectus fossils show a cranial capacity greater than that of Homo habilis (although the Dmanisi specimens have distinctively small crania): the earliest fossils show a cranial capacity of 850 cm³, while later Javan specimens measure up to 1100 cm³,^[48] overlapping that of H. sapiens

The below chart shows a line of best fit for the average genetic brain size and the average genetic IQ for contemporary human races (based on controversial estimates many would consider pseudoscience).

If we extend the trend line to extinct Homo species like Erectus, and if we assume Erectus reached their genetic potential for brain size and IQ (early hunter/gatherers living their natural life style seemed to have far better nutrition than all but the most  recent First World agriculturalists and Erectus eventually learned to cook its food, digesting even more nutrients) then we can estimate from their brain size that they had an IQ of about 5 when they first appeared, and 40 by the time they went extinct. Averaging the two estimates, gives an IQ of about 23, not that different from the 29 we got based on a historiometric analysis of their technological and artistic talent.

Chimpanzees have a cranial capacity of about 400 cc, and a mean body weight of about 45 kg.  If they weighed as much as a human in optimum physical shape, they’d be expected to have a cranial capacity of 498 cc.

Below is a chart showing the estimated average genetic IQ (i.e. the IQ they would have in First World middle class environments) of many human races, as a function of their average genetic brain size:

It is interesting to ask whether we can predict chimp IQ by extrapolating from human racial differences.  When we enter the chimp brain size of 498 as X into the line of best fit, it predicts an IQ of only -46!

Could chimps really be that stupid?

Research suggests that on most cognitive tasks, chimps are at about the level of a Western 2.5-year-old, which equates to a deviation IQ of about 40 (U.S. white norms): 4 SD below the U.S. white mean.

On the Wechsler scales, if you average 4 SD below the mean on all subtests, your full-scale IQ is 5.71 SD below the mean, equating to an IQ of only 14.

So chimps probably have an IQ of perhaps as low as 14, which is 60 points higher than predicted from the population level correlation between IQ and brain size in humans.

The fact that human racial differences on the brain size-IQ dimensions does such a poor job predicting the IQ of our closest living relative, suggests there might be something very wrong with HBD data.

The above chart has six columns.  In the first column I list 13 human races.  In the second column I list the IQs assigned to each of these 13 races by scholar Richard Lynn, on a scale where the British white mean is set at 100 (SD = 15).  In the third column I list the “real IQ” of each of these races.  That is, the IQ score each would get on a tuly culture reduced test, not the pseudo culture reduced tests they were often given like the Raven Progressive Matrices.  Real IQs were estimated by averaging the reported IQs in column 2, with the genetic IQ is column 4.

Genetic IQ

The genetic IQs in column 4 were estimated by noting that black Americans score about 85 on IQ tests as adults (even when reared by upper class whites) yet black Africans score 67, even though the two groups should have the same genetic IQ.  Yes black Americans have some white admixture which should have raised their genetic IQ above black Africans’, but they are also descended from perhaps the least intelligent class of black Africans (slaves) which should lower their genetic IQ below the average black Africans’, so on balance they should have the same genetic IQ.

And yet black African school kids score 18 points lower than African Americans, suggesting the poverty, illiterate parents,  malnutrition and disease of sub-Saharan Africa is  holding them back.  Averaging the 2001 human development index (HDI) of Cameroon and Cote D’Ivoire together (see table 7 of this paper), I estimated that sub-Sahara had a 2001 HDI of 0.448, compared to 0.937 for the United States and this roughly explained why they scored 18 points lower than U.S. blacks. From here I came up with the following formula:

Genetic IQ = Reported IQ + [(0.937 – population HDI)/0.02716]

For races that live in economically advanced countries such as Ashkenazim, East Asians, and Whites, IQs were assumed to equal genetic IQ, but for races like Southeast Asians and Pacific Islanders, I estimated the 2001 HDI of the Southeast Asia region to be 0.751 (based on the Philippines) and the above formula was applied.  Similarly, for Dark Caucasoids, I assumed the Middle East had an HDI of 0.709 (the average of Saudi Arabia and Egypt).

Although Arctic Peoples, Native Americans, and Austalian aboriginals technically live in developed countries, they are often segredated on reservations, and have HDIs below their fellow citizens.  Arctic Peoples were assigned an HDI of 0.851 based on the reported value for Canadian indigenous peoples (again see table 7 of this paper).  Native Americans were assigned an HDI of 0.864 based on averaging the HDI of Canadian and U.S. indigenous peoples.  Australian aboriginals reportedly had an HDI of 0.724.

Capoids and Pygmies were assumed to have the same HDI as mainstream black Africans (Congoids).  Although this is probably false, the Capoids and Pygmies used in actual IQ studies were those who lived side by side with their Congoid cousins under illiterate conditions.  Their actual IQ scores were probably a lot lower than the 54 Lynn reported for them, but because they scored about 13 points lower than illiterate Congoids, and Congoid school kids scored 67, it was assumed that Capoid and Pygmy school kids would score 67 – 13 = 54 if they too were in school.  Since the IQ was calculated under the scenario of similar environments, the genetic IQ was calculated assuming the same HDI.

Brain Size

Row 5 gives brain sizes reported by Lynn with the exception of pygmies which was reported by scolars C.L. Smith and K.L. Beals.  However since Lynn cited Smith and Beals as his brain size source, the figure should fit right in.

Row 6 gives estimated genetic brain size for each of the 13 races.  Because craniometry became taboo after WWII, I assume most of the brain size data was obtained before the 1930s, and perhaps well before the 20th century.  However Lynn notes that in the 1930s, people in the developed World began growing taller because of better health/nutrition and that height gains were perfectly paralleled by brain size gains.  Since height among U.S. whites has increased by 1.3 Standard Deviations over the 20th century before plateauing in 2006, I assumed that prior to the 1930s, Whites, and by extension every other race, were also 1.3 SD below their genetic brain size, and so genetic brain size was estimated by adding 118 cc to the Smith and Beals numbers.

To my knowledge Smith and Beals did not give data on Ashkenazim brain size, but very old studies suggest they were 30 cc below the white mean, so their genetic brain size is assumed to also be 30 cc below the genetic white mean.  These old studies give very different white brain sizes from Smith and Beals, showing how sensitive cranial capacity measures are to methodology.

I calculated the line of best fit to estimate the genetic IQ of a population from its genetic brain size, where X is genetic brain size (genetic cranial capacity) and Y is genetic IQ.  Pygmies were excluded because their small bodies make their brains abnormally small, even relative to IQ:

The more I think about the upper paleolithic revolution, also known as the mind’s big bang, the great leap forward, or behavioral modernity, the more I think it fits perfectly with Richard Lynn’s theory that exposure to the ice age caused high IQ to evolve.

The upper paleolithic revolution (UPR) refers to a sudden explosion in culture that occurred in the archeological record around 50,000 years ago.  According to scholar Richard Klein, it was caused by a brain mutation that occurred in East Africa 50,000 years ago that allowed humans either the intelligence or language to leave  Africa and conquer the World.  The only problem with Klein’s theory is no such 50,000 year old mutation has yet been discovered, and most scientists seem to think humans left Africa 70,000 years ago, and most of the evidence for this great leap forward seems to come from Europe, not Africa.

For example here’s a fascinating list of the 10 oldest works of art ever discovered.  Notice how anything older than 50,000 years ago does not really qualify as art.  Only after 50,000 years ago do we get real art, and notice how all the oldest real art was found in Europe.

I think what probably happened is that anatomically modern humans evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago, and probably had a mean IQ of 72 (genetically and phenotypically).  Then about 70,000 years they left Africa, and were exposed to the challenges of building watertight shelters with strong insulation and animal skin walls,  learning to make fire, creating warm clothes and mastering the complex art of sewing, and figuring how to hunt large animals since plants were not around.  The low IQ people, and low IQ tribes could not adapt to these challenges, leaving higher IQ people as the survivors.

So by about 39,000 years ago, the IQs of the proto-Caucasoids in Europe had finally reached the 80s, and they had discovered not only the art of drawing, but had the spatial ability to draw realistic forms despite having never been exposed to art, and by 38,000 years ago, were making impressive sculptures.

Alternative theory

Another theory, popularized by Greg Cochran and Henry Harpending in the book The 10,000 year explosion is that this cultural revolution was caused by gene flow from Neanderthals, which somehow dramatically improved the cognition of modern humans.

One problem with this theory is that Neanderthals went extinct partly because they LACKED these abilities, so it’s ironic to suggest they gave them to us.  Of course it’s always possible that the unique COMBINATION of human and Neanderthal brain genes produced an intellect far greater than either species on its own, but why entertain such a speculative idea when there’s a much simpler explanation that has repeatedly proved useful in the field of HBD: cold winters select for higher IQ.

A while back I had estimated that H. Erectus had an average IQ of 55 based on the fact that they had the tool making ability of a 1979 Western seven-year-old,  but more recently I had down graded them to an IQ of 40, based on my assumption that they had the symbolic IQ of 40.

My logic was that their tool making ability only represented their spatial IQ, but a symbolic IQ of 40 dragged down their COMPOSITE IQ to 40.

Brief comment on composite IQs

Statistically naïve readers might be wondering why a spatial IQ of 55 and a symbolic IQ of 40 equals a composite IQ of 40, and not a composite IQ of 48 (the average of 55 and 40).  The answer is that IQ is just a measure of where you rank compared to neurologically normal Northwest Europeans and ranks CAN NOT be averaged to give composite rank, unless the two sub-rankings correlate perfectly.  So if you rank super low in BOTH cognitive domains, then your rank order in the COMPOSITE of both domains will be LOWER than the average of the two, because impairment at BOTH domains is so rare that it pushes your composite way down in the pecking order.  The opposite is true for people who excel in BOTH domains; their composite IQs are HIGHER than the average of each subscale.

Why the apology?

So why am I apologizing to H. erectus?  Because I was wrong to assume their symbolic IQ was only 40.  That assumption was based on the fact that they couldn’t draw AT ALL, thus suggesting they had extremely impaired understanding of symbols or representations.  People who can’t draw ANYTHING obtain an IQ of only 19 on the Draw-a-man test (corrected for old norms), however correcting for culture bias (H. erectus lived in the wild), I raised it to about IQ 40.

How did I know they couldn’t draw?  Because as far as we know, they never drew a single thing in the nearly 1.9 million years they walked the Earth.  However a friend suggested that perhaps they could draw, they just never had the IDEA of drawing.  Inventing the idea of drawing is much more difficult than drawing,  so if they never had the idea in the first place, I can’t assume they were too dumb to execute the idea.

Thus there’s no evidence that H. erectus had a symbolic IQ as low as 40, and the only hard evidence of their IQ remains their tool making ability which equates to an IQ of 55.  Since this is the only data point, I have no choice but to tentatively accept it as their IQ.  And frankly it makes a lot more sense than IQ 40, which is getting into chimpanzee territory.

How much IQ is needed to have the IDEA of drawing?

So while it takes an IQ of only 40 TO draw, how much IQ is needed to come up with IDEA of drawing, if it never existed in your world before?  If you believe in the controversial field of HBD, then perhaps the lowest IQ people in the World are the Bushmen with a genetic IQ of perhaps 72.  Yet even they appear to have come up with the idea of drawing as evidenced by their ancient rock art, so unless a more advanced people taught them this skill, then a population with a mean IQ of 72 is capable of inventing drawing.

What about Neanderthals?

So what about Neanderthals who also never drew?  Earlier I wrongly suggested this implied they too had a symbolic IQ of only 40 (commenter Melo to his credit strongly disagreed) and yet I also speculated that they must have had a much higher spatial IQ to have survived in Northern Europe.  Overall I pegged their mean IQ to be 62.

I still roughly agree with this estimate, but my logic was wrong.  Better logic is as follows:  They were more technologically advanced, more evolved, and bigger brained than H. erectus, so they probably an overall IQ above 55 (H. erectus level); yet they apparently never had the IDEA of drawing, so they were probably lower than Bushmen (perhaps genetic IQ 72 if you take HBD seriously).  Thus, splitting the difference gives an IQ of 64.

[update dec 26, 2016: an earlier version of this article estimated the monkey men and cavemen to have an average IQ of 40 & 62 respectively.  I have since changed these to 55 and 64 respectively]

In the past I’ve blogged about how my fascination with HBD started after I saw the movie Quest for Fire at age five (I’m now in my thirties) because it was the first time I had a sense of different levels of human evolution, some more advanced than others, co-existing and competing in a struggle for survival.  The film uses not a word of English, so I strongly recommend it to all my readers, especially my foreign readers.  A fictional language was created for the characters and as you watch the film, you slowly pick up words, and the number of words you can learn might serve as a measure of fluid verbal IQ (as opposed to the crystalized verbal IQ measured by standard vocabulary tests).

For a film over three decades old, it remains remarkably anthropologically accurate today, as it’s now widely accepted that 80,000 years ago, several species of human did indeed co-exist.

The film shows three major levels of human evolution struggling for survival: The primitive monkey men, the cavemen, and the advanced modern humans.  .

The monkey men IQ 55

Man from the primitive Wogaboo tribe

If you believe IQ is a scientifically valid concept, then the monkey men probably have an average IQ of 55, both phenotypically and genetically.  Because they were living in the wild and the natural habitat their ancestors spent thousands of years adapting to, I believe most hominins living 80.000 years ago had more or less reached their genetic potential.  The monkey men were smart enough to understand the value of fire and attack their neighboring cavemen with clubs in an attempt to steal it, but not smart enough to speak, create spears or wear clothing.

The cavemen IQ 64

The cavemen in this film probably had an average IQ of 64.  High enough to wear very crude fur coats,  fight with spears, and to speak in a language of a few hundred words.  They live in terror of being attacked by the monkey men who they call “wogaboo”.  They are smart enough use fire to cook and scare away wolves, and they are smart enough to keep the fire alive for a long period of time, but they are not smart enough to make it.

The modern humans IQ 85

The modern humans probably have an average IQ 85.  They appear to be fully modern black African type people who speak in a complex language, use throwing spears, build sturdy huts, make beautiful ceramic containers, color themselves grey, wear masks, make fire, and are even smart enough to build their village behind a pond of quicksand that traps intruders from other tribes.  Unlike other tribes, they are evolved enough to have a sense of humor and are constantly laughing at the inferior cavemen.

I doubt any population living 80,000 years ago had the genetic potential to have an average IQ above 70, so the high intelligence of this tribe was perhaps the only unrealistic thing about this movie.  Or perhaps I’m overestimating their IQs.

The film’s impact on my life

After seeing this film as a child, I remembered wishing I had lived 80,000 years ago.  Life was so exciting when he had three different levels of human evolution coexisting in a Darwinian struggle for survival.  So imagine my excitement when scholar J.P. Rushton proposed his shocking theory that Orientals were more genetically advanced than whites who were more advanced than blacks.  While the rest of the World was disgusted that Rushton could promote such horrific “pseudoscience”, I was secretly fascinated, because It was almost as if I had willed my favorite movie into life, except instead of black Africans being the most evolved  humans, as they were 80,000 years ago, Rushton was arguing that they were now at the bottom of the new tri-level hierarchy.

A beautiful love story

Aside from the anthropological value of this film, it’s one of the most romantic movies I have ever seen.  At the heart of the film is a deeply moving love story about a caveman who falls in love with a modern human woman.

Man from the caveaman tribe

Even though they speak completely different languages and arguably belong to different species, they forge an intimate bond, as she slowly teaches him how to be human.   Through her tutoring he learns what humour is and laughs for the first time in his life, and while he and his tribe know only how to have doggie style sex, she teaches him how to make love.  This films takes you back 80,000 years in time, and allows you to see the World, through the innocent eyes of the first humans, and all the awe and mystery of the endlessly uncharted landscape.

According to eminent scholar Richard Klein, there was a massive genetic mutation that occurred in Africa that SUDDENLY made humans MUCH smarter than they had ever been before.  This mutation did not make the brain any bigger, but it did rewire it, allowing for truly symbolic thought.

According to this article:

To witness the contrast between premodern and modern ways of life, Klein says, sift through the remains from caves along the southern coast of South Africa. Simple Stone Age hunter-gatherers began camping here around 120,000 years ago and stayed on until around 60,000 years ago, when a punishing drought made the region uninhabitable. They developed a useful tool kit featuring carefully chipped knives, choppers, axes and other stone implements. Animal bones from the caves show that they hunted large mammals like eland, a horse-sized antelope. They built fires and buried their dead. These people, along with the Neanderthals then haunting the caves of Europe, were the most technologically adept beings of their time.

However, Klein says, there were just as many things they couldn’t manage, despite their modern-looking bodies and big brains. They didn’t build durable shelters. They almost never hunted dangerous but meaty prey like buffalo, preferring the more docile eland. Fishing was beyond their ken. They rarely crafted tools of bone, and they lacked cultural diversity. Perhaps most important, they left no indisputable signs of art or other symbolic thought.

Later inhabitants of the same caves, who moved in around 20,000 years ago, displayed all these talents and more.

What happened in between?

The burst of modern behavior—like other momentous happenings in our evolution—arose not in South Africa, Klein says, but in East Africa, which was wetter during the drought. Around 45,000 years ago, he believes, a group of simple people in East Africa began to behave in new ways and rapidly expanded in population and range. With better weapons, they broadened their diet to include more challenging and nutritious prey. With their new sense of aesthetic, they made the first clearly identifiable art. And they freed themselves to wander beyond the local watering hole—setting the stage for long-distance trade—with contrivances like canteens and the delicately crafted eggshell beads, which may have functioned as “hostess gifts” to cement goodwill with other clans.

Dramatic evidence of a surge in ingenuity and adaptability comes from a wave of human migration around 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Fully modern Africans made their way into Europe, Klein says, where they encountered the Neanderthals, cave dwellers who had lived in and around Europe for more than 200,000 years. The lanky Africans, usually called Cro-Magnons once they reached Europe, were more vulnerable to cold than the husky Neanderthals. Yet they came, saw and conquered in short order, and the Neanderthals vanished forever.

Compare that with an earlier migration around 100,000 years ago, in which the Neanderthals eventually prevailed. Physically—but not yet behaviorally—modern Africans took advantage of a long warm spell to expand northward into Neanderthal territory in the Middle East, only to scuttle south again when temperatures later plunged. The critical difference between the two migrations? The earlier settlers apparently lacked the modern ability to respond to change with new survival strategies, such as fitted garments, projectile weapons and well-heated huts.

I’ve done some research and I now believe Homo Erectus had a spatial IQ of 53 and a symbolic IQ of 40, giving it a composite IQ of 41.  Then about 200,000 years ago in East Africa, it mutated into anatomically modern humans and these had a spatial IQ of 75, but a symbolic IQ of still only 40, giving them a composite IQ of 53.

So when they tried to leave Africa, they were brutally killed off by Neanderthals, who in addition to being 2.5 times stronger, had a spatial IQ of 91 and a symbolic IQ of 40, giving them a composite IQ of 62

However sometime after 70,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans mutated again in East Africa into behaviorally modern humans: their spatial IQs stayed 75 but their symbolic IQs suddenly jumped to 75 too, bringing them their composite IQ to 70.

This allowed them to leave Africa without being bullied by the Neanderthals.  The Neanderthals were still 2.5 times stronger, but modern humans were taller, faster, and now 8 points smarter.

Then after evolving to the cold climate of ice age Europe, symbolic IQ improved to 88 and spatial IQ also improved to 88, raising their composite IQs to 87, allowing them to brutally murder all the Neanderthals in record time, despite the huge difference in strength.  The super strong Neanderthals were humiliated to be destroyed by a bunch of scrawny nerdy modern humans

After the Neanderthals were killed off,  the ice age ended, and the malnutrition and disease caused brain size to shrink and composite IQ of modern Europeans to drop to 77.  However with the booming population, new high IQ genes were lifting the composite IQ up to 90.

Then in the 20th century, advances in nutrition, sanitation and vaccines, allowed them to return to pre-agriculture health, and their brains returned to their original size, and with the mutations that occurred during agriculture (see the 10,000 year explosion by Cochran and Harpending), their composite IQ was now 100.

Apparently when I complained about the Facts of Life IQ episode going missing from Youtube on my blog yesterday, people in high places noticed because the show has been returned:

I got the most beautiful email this morning apologizing, saying they had no idea someone as important as me was watching, and they’re so honored to have me as a fan.  I’ve printed out the email and framed it.

I’m even being sent the complete series on DVD, a poster signed by all the stars of the show, and vintage Facts of Life T-shirts.  They don’t know what size I take, so get this.  They’re sending me one in:

EVERY

SINGLE

SIZE!

Not to brag, but I am Pumpkin Person.

Meanwhile here’s vintage opening theme song from the The Facts of Life.  What I love about the opening is Charlotte Rae (who played wise den mother Mrs Garrett) sings a line in the theme song itself in her loveable cackling voice, and that line is heard as her character is on screen smiling (excellent editing!)

When your books are what you’re there about

But looks are what you care about

The time is right

To learn the Facts of Life

See 0:47 in the video below:

I was so touched by the level of respect I’ve been shown that I spent the afternoon watching The Facts of Life reunion TV movie from 2001.  It was pretty cheesy in that warm fuzzy way we expect from TV chick flicks, but it was great seeing  the girls we grew up watching blossom into beautiful adult women.

Blair played by Lisa Whelchel is predictably married to some Ken doll rich guy.

Natalie, played by Mindy Cohn has grown up to be a successful journalist obsessively pursued by two good looking guys (You Go Girl!)

Tootie (aka Dorthy) played by Kim Fields has blossomed into a truly gorgeous black woman, and is working as a talk show host and aspiring actress.